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Science & Technology

Vaccine

Preparation for acquired immunity to disease

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Overview

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

Source: Wikipedia — Vaccine (CC BY-SA)

Key concepts

How Vaccine connects to the ideas, people and events around it.

  1. Immunization

    enables

    Immunization is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent. It is achieved through vaccination, which introduces antigens to provoke protective immunity.

  2. Antigen

    contains

    An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response when recognized by antibodies or T cells. Vaccines contain specific antigens to train the immune system against the target pathogen.

  3. Edward Jenner

    originated by

    Edward Jenner was an English physician who pioneered the first successful smallpox vaccine in 1796. His work laid the foundation for modern immunology and vaccination practices.

  4. MRNA vaccine

    includes

    mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a viral protein, eliciting an immune response. The Pfizer‑BioNTech and Moderna COVID‑19 vaccines are prominent examples.

  5. World Health Organization

    governed by

    The World Health Organization coordinates global health initiatives, including vaccine development and distribution. It launched the COVAX facility to ensure equitable access to COVID‑19 vaccines.

  6. Cold chain

    requires

    The cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain that preserves vaccine potency from manufacture to administration. Many vaccines, such as those for measles, require storage at 2–8 °C.

  7. Vaccine hesitancy

    faces

    Vaccine hesitancy describes delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability. The WHO listed it as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019.

  8. Polio eradication

    drives

    Polio eradication is a worldwide campaign that has reduced polio cases by over 99% since 1988 through mass vaccination. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative relies on oral polio vaccine administration.

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Questions about Vaccine

What is Vaccine?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.

What are the key concepts related to Vaccine?

The main concepts connected to Vaccine include Immunization, Antigen, Edward Jenner, MRNA vaccine, World Health Organization, Cold chain, Vaccine hesitancy, Polio eradication. Each is linked on the map above with its own summary.

Which exams cover Vaccine?

Vaccine is part of Science & Technology, which appears in the syllabus of UPSC CSE, UPSC CAPF, NDA, CDS, AFCAT, RRB NTPC and 32 more exams.